OUR PARKS: Natural Features and Landscape

Natural Regions

The City of Elkhart sits at the intersection of the St. Joseph and Elkhart Rivers within the Northern Moraine and Lakes Natural Region.¹ According to the Indiana Geologic Survey, this places the study area within the St. Joseph Drainageway Physiographic Division and the Michigan Basin Physiographic Provence.²

Geology

During the Pleistocene, several glaciation periods shaped the landscape of Northern Indiana. The most recent, the Wisconsin glaciation, left a dominant mark, with glacial sediments covering the surface of the northern two-thirds of the state. In Northern Indiana, the subsurface stratigraphy reveals a complex history, with glacial sediments from multiple periods, including the Illinoian and pre-Illinoian, layered atop one another. These glaciations dramatically impacted the region’s topography and geology.

The productivity of bedrock aquifers depends on the original rock composition and post-depositional processes like jointing, fracturing, and solution activity, which enhance permeability, particularly in the upper 100 feet of the bedrock. The yield of these aquifers is influenced by their hydraulic properties and the nature of overlying deposits, with shale and glacial till acting as aquitards that restrict recharge. However, fracturing in these aquitards can increase recharge to the aquifers. Most bedrock aquifers in the county are under confined conditions, where water levels rise above the top of the aquifer. Susceptibility to surface contamination varies based on the type and thickness of overlying sediments, and due to complex fracturing, contamination in bedrock aquifers is difficult to track and remediate.

The Devonian and Mississippian age Coldwater, Ellsworth, and Antrim Shales Aquifer System in Elkhart County, which is 300 to 380 feet thick, is considered an aquitard and provides extremely limited groundwater resources. Covered by 150 to over 400 feet of glacial sediment, no water wells in Elkhart County tap into this system due to the availability of better groundwater sources in the overlying unconsolidated deposits. In nearby St. Joseph County, some wells in this aquifer system supply domestic users, but yields are typically less than 5 gallons per minute, with depths ranging from 45 to 140 feet.³ Due to low shale permeability and the thick overlying deposits, the system has low susceptibility to surface contamination.

By considering the complexity and limitations of bedrock aquifers, the Elkhart Parks and Recreation Department (EPRD) can better plan for sustainable water use, mitigate contamination risks, and ensure proper construction practices, while also promoting ecological preservation within the park system. The susceptibility of bedrock aquifers to contamination depends on the nature and thickness of overlying sediments. Parks located in areas with shallow overlying sediments or where aquifers are more exposed may need additional protective measures to prevent contamination, including runoff management and the use of non-toxic materials.

When planning large structures or facilities in parks, the complex nature of bedrock (such as jointing and fracturing) could affect the stability and foundation design. Depending on the project, a geotechnical analysis may be necessary to assess the suitability of the site for construction, ensuring that bedrock conditions support building projects without increasing the risk of foundation failure or water infiltration issues. Additionally, parks that protect or intersect with bedrock aquifer recharge zones may need to implement conservation measures to maintain natural water flow and prevent aquifer depletion, which could disrupt local wildlife or vegetation dependent on groundwater.

Topography

Elkhart is in the Upper Great Lakes Plain, a region shaped by the last continental glacier about 15,000 years ago. The Wisconsin Glacier smoothed the terrain, rounding hills and filling valleys, resulted in glacial moraines and dissected plateaus, leaving behind sand and gravel beds. Across Elkhart County, glacial materials range in thickness from 70 to 300 feet. The local topography, because of this glacial impact, is characterized by rolling hills in the northeast corner, mostly rural farmland, and several rivers and lakes.⁴ Located in the northeast corner of the county, these hills were formed by glaciers and are part of the St. Lawrence Seaway Continental Divide.

The St. Joseph River is the main waterway in the County, flowing from Michigan across the Michigan border north of Bristol. The Elkhart River enters the County east of Millersburg and meets the St. Joseph at Island Park in Elkhart. The Little Elkhart River flows into the county southeast of Middlebury and empties into the St. Joseph near Bristol.⁵ The St. Joseph River Valley’s formations consist primarily of sand and gravel, with thin layers of clay that can hinder water recharge, contributing to the formation of muck areas within the region. The St. Joseph River Valley is unusually broad due to the massive volumes of glacial meltwater it once carried from the retreating Wisconsin Glacier. At its peak, the river was much larger than the Mississippi River today, but as the glacier withdrew and meltwaters subsided, the river shrank to its current size. This history explains why the valley appears so broad relative to the narrow river flowing through it.

While the topography is relatively flat within the City of Elkhart, drainage remains a high priority for all projects within the public right-of-way, including parks. The floodplain and muck areas within the St. Joseph River Valley and its sandy, gravelly formations, interspersed with clay layers, may present floodplain management challenges. These muck areas could hinder water drainage and create marsh-like conditions, potentially affecting park development. Additionally, areas with the steepest topography are often used for wintertime sledding, so opportunities to encourage safety and more fully integrated parks would be beneficial. Water-Based Recreation is also a key for the EPRD, and the department should consider additional ways to account for varying water levels, sedimentation, and erosion when designing riverfront facilities. For each of these considerations, ecological preservation and flood management strategies remain a high priority for the City team and should be incorporated in such areas to protect sensitive habitats and prevent flooding.

One fun area of additional exploration – the park system can emphasize the region’s glacial history more by incorporating interpretive signage, nature trails, or educational programs highlighting the Wisconsin Glacier’s impact on local topography, rivers, and ecosystems. The unique history of the St. Joseph River’s size and the glacial formations offer an educational opportunity for visitors to learn about the area’s geological past.

Soils

Loamy soils are prevalent in morainal areas, while clayey soils are found in the southeast and sandy loams cover outwash areas, with wetlands featuring muck soils. The Kankakee Lowland is a flat region extending from Illinois into Indiana and Michigan, now occupied by the St. Joseph River. This lowland consists of fine-grained Holocene alluvium underlain by thick outwash sand and gravel over lake muds. Soils in the St. Joseph basin are categorized into three classes: sandy or loamy soils on outwash and alluvium, silty or clayey soils on till, and muck soils in wetlands. The overburden material thickness varies from less than 30 feet to 500 feet, with about 200 feet in the Elkhart area, dominated by excessively drained Psamments and Bristol soils, as well as moderately well-drained Bronson soils, all with water tables deeper than 6 feet.

Natural Systems

Numerous biomes include bogs, fens, prairies, marshes, sedge meadows, and swamps. Bogs, more abundant here than elsewhere, often feature floating mats of Sphagnum moss and support unique plants like pitcher plants, tamarack, and sundews. Marshes are common around lakes and include cattails, bulrushes, and marsh ferns. In some areas, distinctive Atlantic Coastal Plain plants are found, such as sedges and rare species like ginger-leaved pyrola and Deam’s rockcress. Fauna includes spotted turtles, massasauga rattlesnakes, Blanding’s turtles, sandhill cranes, and marsh wrens.

Water

The region features several glacially formed freshwater lakes, bordered by the Packerton Moraine to the south, the Mississinewa and Salamonie Moraines to the east, and the Maxinkuckee Moraine to the west. Glacial activity from the Lake Michigan, Saginaw, and Erie Lobes created a topography characterized by knobs, kettles, kames, and outwash plains, with marshes along the lakes hosting species like spatterdock, water-lilies, and pondweeds. Notable streams include the Pigeon, Elkhart, and Tippecanoe Rivers, while key lakes in the area are Olin, Crooked, Marsh, and Manitou.

Elkhart is situated within the watersheds of the St. Joseph River and Elkhart River, comprising most of the City’s surface water. These rivers drain into Lake Michigan, with most of the planning area being serviced by these rivers and their tributaries, regulated by the County Drainage Board. Simonton Lake, Heaton Lake, East Lake and adjacent creeks are also significant surface water features. These waterways, along with several small lakes in the drainage basins, offer various water recreation opportunities, such as canoeing, kayaking, tubing, and fishing, and the city is currently developing new pedestrian access points to enhance water use. Additionally, groundwater is a crucial drinking water source for nearly the entire population of Elkhart County, with a sole source aquifer identified in the St. Joseph Aquifer System, covering the area along the St. Joseph River, as designated by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Vegetation

The region’s diverse soils support various plant communities. Upland forests are dominated by oak and hickory species like red oak, white oak, and shagbark hickory, while mesic forests contain beech, sugar maple, and tulip trees. Floodplain forests include sycamore, elm, and cottonwood, while swamps are dominated by red and silver maple, green ash, and yellow birch.

Climate

Elkhart, Indiana has a humid continental climate, characterized by distinct seasons with varying temperatures and precipitation throughout the year. The climatic influence of Lake Michigan, only 35miles to the northwest, regulates the region’s weather season to season. Elkhart’s climate creates opportunities for a variety of seasonal activities in its public parks, from winter sports to summer festivals. Each season offers unique recreational experiences, with the influence of Lake Michigan playing a key role in shaping the weather and its impact on outdoor enjoyment.

Winter (December to February): Winters in Elkhart are cold and snowy, with average temperatures ranging from 20°F to 35°F. The region experiences frequent lake-effect snow due to its proximity to Lake Michigan, resulting in an average of over 40 inches of snowfall per season. Precipitation during winter months is typically around 2 to 3 inches per month, mostly in the form of snow. Freezing temperatures are common, and wind chills can make it feel even colder. The cold, snowy winters in Elkhart make outdoor activities like sledding, ice skating, and cross-country skiing popular in local parks. The frequent lake-effect snow provides ample snow cover, which makes these activities accessible throughout the winter months. However, freezing temperatures and wind chills often limit the duration people spend outdoors, and parks need to be well-prepared for snow removal and maintaining safe walkways.

Spring (March to May): Spring in Elkhart is characterized by fluctuating temperatures, with daytime highs ranging from 35°F to 70°F as the season progresses. Snowfall can still occur in March, but by April and May, temperatures warm, and the landscape begins to thaw. Precipitation increases to about 3 to 4 inches per month, with rain becoming more frequent. Severe thunderstorms are possible during the spring months as warm and cold air masses interact. The fluctuating temperatures can be both a challenge and an opportunity for park-goers. Early spring can still see snow, while later months bring warmer weather and increased rainfall, ideal for revitalizing the landscape. Elkhart’s parks are more prone to muddy conditions from thawing snow and rain, but they also come alive with blooming flowers and greenery. Outdoor events, hiking, and nature walks are common, but severe thunderstorms can disrupt these activities occasionally.

Summer (June to August): Summers in Elkhart are warm and humid, with average temperatures ranging from 60°F to 85°F. July is typically the hottest month, with occasional highs reaching into the upper 80s or low 90s. Precipitation during the summer months is about 3.5 to 4 inches (89–102 mm) per month, often delivered through thunderstorms. While the season brings plenty of sunshine, the humidity can make it feel warmer than the actual temperature. Summers in Elkhart encourage a wide variety of recreational activities in public parks, such as picnicking, hiking, and sports. The longer daylight hours and relatively warm weather make it the peak season for outdoor events, concerts, and festivals. Thunderstorms, while common, are usually brief and do not significantly hinder overall park use. Water-based activities, such as swimming or kayaking in nearby lakes, are particularly popular during this season.

Fall (September to November): Fall in Elkhart brings cooler temperatures, with highs gradually dropping from around 70°F in early September to about 40°F by November. The crisp, mild days of early fall quickly give way to colder conditions. Rainfall decreases to around 2.5 to 3.5 inches per month, and early snow is possible by the end of the season. Fall foliage is vibrant, and the changing leaves mark the transition into winter. The cooler temperatures and vibrant fall foliage make autumn an ideal time for outdoor recreation. Parks are popular for hiking, photography, and enjoying the changing colors of the leaves. The crisp weather is perfect for outdoor festivals and gatherings, though as the season progresses and temperatures drop, early snowfall may limit some activities. Despite this, the fall season is often considered one of the most pleasant for outdoor exploration in Elkhart’s parks.

Issues for the Parks Department

1. Winter Challenges:
   • Snow and Ice Management: With Elkhart experiencing over 40 inches of snowfall due to lake-effect snow, maintaining accessibility and safety in parks is crucial. This includes snow removal, ensuring safe walkways, and maintaining parking lots. Ice accumulation also requires additional maintenance, especially on walking paths, ice rinks, and sledding areas.
   • Freezing Temperatures and Wind Chill: While winter sports like sledding and ice skating are popular, the extreme cold and wind chills can deter visitors, reducing park usage. While there are several non-profit warming centers in Elkhart, the Park Department may need to invest in warming stations or indoor areas to help mitigate the cold’s impact and make winter activities more appealing.
   • Limited Usage Period: Cold temperatures limit the time visitors can comfortably spend outdoors, reducing participation in outdoor events and recreation. There is a need to promote winter programs strategically to balance low attendance during freezing periods.
2. Spring Challenges:
   • Muddy Conditions: The transition from winter to spring, combined with thawing snow and increased rainfall, can lead to muddy, waterlogged parks. This frequently damages park infrastructure like trails, fields, and lawns, and restrict activities like hiking or picnicking.
   • Severe Thunderstorms: As warm and cold air masses interact, severe thunderstorms are a risk in the spring. This weather causes interruptions in park events, outdoor gatherings, and recreation. A review and update of Park Department safety protocols may help address sudden storm events.
   • Fluctuating Temperatures: The unpredictable spring temperatures make planning events more difficult, as early spring may still see snow, while later months could bring warmer weather. These fluctuations result in inconsistent visitor turnout.
3. Summer Challenges:
   • Humidity and Heat: Elkhart’s warm, humid summers may make outdoor activities uncomfortable, especially during periods of high humidity or heatwaves. Dehydration and heat-related illnesses could become a concern, requiring hydration stations and shaded areas in parks.
   • Thunderstorms: Summer thunderstorms, while often brief, can disrupt outdoor events, sports, and other recreational activities. Safety precautions and rapid response systems for thunderstorms, including park evacuations and shelter plans, are necessary.
4. Fall Challenges:
   • Early Snow and Cold Temperatures: As fall transitions into winter, early snowfall and colder temperatures can limit outdoor activities in the later months of the season. This can lead to a shortened autumn activity window, especially for festivals, outdoor sports, and events.
   • Leaf Management: The vibrant fall foliage, while beautiful, leads to significant leaf litter in parks. Managing this buildup can be labor-intensive and may require increased maintenance efforts to keep parks clean and accessible.

Climate and Seasonal Opportunities for the Parks Department

1. Winter Opportunities:
   • Winter Sports and Recreation: Elkhart’s heavy snowfall creates an opportunity to capitalize on winter sports like sledding, ice skating, and cross-country skiing. The parks department could expand these activities, offering more support (food, warming, supplies) at their various pavilions, to offer more winter activities. This may help address the seasonal drop in attendance and attract more park visitors.
   • Winter Festivals: The natural winter landscape could be a backdrop for winter-themed festivals, holiday markets, and light displays, attracting visitors despite the cold. The Winter Cities Conference highlights how a slight change in perception can drive additional seasonal use for parks and other public spaces.
2. Spring Opportunities:
   • Nature Walks and Blooming Flora: Spring’s changing weather provides opportunities for activities like nature walks, birdwatching, and flower-viewing events, taking advantage of the blooming flowers and revitalizing parks.
   • Green Infrastructure: Increased Spring rainfall and muddy conditions present an opportunity to implement sustainable drainage solutions, like rain gardens or other bio-retention. Elkhart’s park and infrastructure ecosystem demonstrate an increased risk to severe flooding and using park infrastructure to advance “sponge city” type approaches would mitigate water accumulation while offering addition education opportunities and enhancing park aesthetics.
3. Summer Opportunities:
   • Outdoor Festivals and Events: Summer’s warm temperatures and long daylight hours make it ideal for hosting festivals, concerts, sports events, and community gatherings. While EPRD already hosts several summer events, strengthening these activities will maximize visitor engagement.
   • Water-Based Activities: Given the heat and humidity, water-based recreational activities like splash pads, kayaking, are mainstays for area parks. Temporary water parks could be added or expanded in local parks to address increased need and equity challenges.
   • Shaded and Cooling Areas: Investing in shaded picnic areas, tree planting, and misting stations could enhance the summer park experience, allowing visitors to comfortably enjoy outdoor activities even on hot days.
4. Fall Opportunities:
   • Scenic Trails and Photography: Fall foliage creates a picturesque setting that can attract photographers, hikers, and visitors who appreciate nature’s beauty. Hosting events like guided hikes or photo contests can increase fall attendance.
   • Autumn / Harvest Festivals and Events: The mild early-fall weather is perfect for seasonal festivals, farmers markets, and outdoor art exhibits. The EPRD could capitalize on the popularity of fall by hosting more outdoor events with new partners like pumpkin patches and seasonal food themed vendors.

1. The Natural Regions of Indiana – authors Michael Homoya, D. Brian Abrell, James Aldrich and Thomas W. Post. ↩︎
2. Physiographic regions are areas of land that are defined by their distinct geology, topography, and other characteristics. ↩︎
3. Bedrock Aquifers of St. Joseph County via the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (revision 1994). ↩︎
4. Surficial Geology – Indiana Geological and Water Survey ↩︎
5. Elkhart River Watershed – Elkhart County Soil and Water Conservation District ↩︎